Unit 14: Transportation in Plants and Circulation in Animals (தாவரங்களில் கடத்துதல் மற்றும் விலங்குகளில் சுற்றோட்டம்)

Q: Active transport involves ________.

Answer: All of the above. Explanation: Active transport is the uphill movement of substances against a concentration gradient utilizing cellular energy (ATP) through specific membrane carrier proteins.

Q: Water which is absorbed by roots is transported to aerial parts of the plant through ________.

Answer: Xylem. Explanation: Xylem tracheids and vessels form continuous channels that conduct water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves.

Q: During transpiration there is loss of ________.

Answer: Water. Explanation: Transpiration is the evaporative loss of water in the form of water vapour from aerial parts, primarily through stomata.

Q: Root hairs are ________.

Answer: both b and c. Explanation: Root hairs are tubular unicellular elongations of epiblema (epidermal) cells that tremendously expand surface area for water absorption.

Q: Which of the following process requires energy?

Answer: Active transport. Explanation: Active transport requires metabolic energy in the form of ATP to pump substances against electrochemical gradients. Diffusion and osmosis are passive.

Q: ________ involves evaporative loss of water from aerial parts of plants.

Answer: Transpiration. Water is pulled up to leaves and evaporates through stomatal pores.

Q: Water enters into the root hair cell through ________ membrane.

Answer: plasma membrane (semi-permeable). Water moves by osmosis across the selectively permeable plasma membrane.

Q: Part of the root that absorbs water from the soil is ________.

Answer: root hair zone (zone of maturation). Fine unicellular root hairs absorb capillary water.

அலகு 14: தாவரங்களில் கடத்துதல் மற்றும் விலங்குகளில் சுற்றோட்டம் — Tamil Nadu Samacheer Kalvi Book Back Answers & Solutions

Complete textbook solutions for Transportation in Plants and Circulation in Animals: Absorption of water, ascent of sap (transpiration pull), transpiration types and significance, blood components (plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets), blood vessels, structure of human heart, double circulation, heartbeat, blood pressure, blood groups (ABO, Rh factor), and lymphatic system.

தாவரங்களில் நீர் உறிஞ்சப்படுதல், சாற்றேற்றம் (நீராவிப்போக்கு இழுவிசை), நீராவிப்போக்கு வகைகள் மற்றும் முக்கியத்துவம், இரத்தத்தின் கூறுகள் (பிளாஸ்மா, RBC, WBC, இரத்த தட்டணுக்கள்), இரத்தக் குழாய்கள், மனித இதயத்தின் அமைப்பு, இரட்டை சுற்றோட்டம், இதயத்துடிப்பு, இரத்த அழுத்தம், இரத்த வகைகள் (ABO, Rh காரணி) மற்றும் நிணநீர் மண்டலத்திற்கான முழுமையான தீர்வுகள்.

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📐 Important Formulas & Laws Quick Revision

Normal Blood Pressure (இயல்பான இரத்த அழுத்தம்): 120 / 80 mm Hg (Systolic / Diastolic) Systolic pressure during ventricular contraction (120 mm Hg); Diastolic during relaxation (80 mm Hg).
Ascent of Sap Mechanism (சாற்றேற்ற வழிமுறை): Transpiration Pull + Cohesion & Adhesion of water molecules Proposed by Dixon and Joly (1894) explaining upward ascent of water to tops of tall trees.

Part I: Choose the Correct Answer (1 Mark)

1. Active transport involves ________.

செயல்மிகு கடத்துதலில் (Active transport) அடங்குவது எது?

(a) Movement of molecules against concentration gradient
(b) Expenditure of energy (ATP)
(c) Carrier proteins
(d) All of the above ✓ (Correct Answer)

Explanation: Active transport is the uphill movement of substances against a concentration gradient utilizing cellular energy (ATP) through specific membrane carrier proteins.

2. Water which is absorbed by roots is transported to aerial parts of the plant through ________.

வேரினால் உறிஞ்சப்பட்ட நீர் தாவரத்தின் வான்வழிப் பகுதிகளுக்கு எதன் மூலம் கடத்தப்படுகிறது?

(a) Cortex
(b) Epidermis
(c) Phloem
(d) Xylem ✓ (Correct Answer)

Explanation: Xylem tracheids and vessels form continuous channels that conduct water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves.

3. During transpiration there is loss of ________.

நீராவிப்போக்கின் போது இழக்கப்படுவது ________.

(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Oxygen
(c) Water ✓ (Correct Answer)
(d) None of the above

Explanation: Transpiration is the evaporative loss of water in the form of water vapour from aerial parts, primarily through stomata.

4. Root hairs are ________.

வேர்த் தூவிகள் என்பது ________.

(a) cortical cell
(b) projection of epidermal cell
(c) unicellular
(d) both b and c ✓ (Correct Answer)

Explanation: Root hairs are tubular unicellular elongations of epiblema (epidermal) cells that tremendously expand surface area for water absorption.

5. Which of the following process requires energy?

கீழ்க்கண்டவற்றுள் ஆற்றல் தேவைப்படும் செயல்முறை எது?

(a) Active transport ✓ (Correct Answer)
(b) Diffusion
(c) Osmosis
(d) All of them

Explanation: Active transport requires metabolic energy in the form of ATP to pump substances against electrochemical gradients. Diffusion and osmosis are passive.

6. The wall of human heart is made of ________.

மனித இதயத்தின் சுவர் எதனால் ஆனது?

(a) Endocardium
(b) Epicardium
(c) Myocardium
(d) All of the above ✓ (Correct Answer)

Explanation: The cardiac wall is composed of three distinct tissue layers: outer epicardium, middle muscular myocardium, and inner endothelial endocardium.

7. Which is the correct sequence of blood flow?

இரத்த ஓட்டத்தின் சரியான வரிசை எது?

(a) Ventricles → Atria → Vein → Artery
(b) Atria → Ventricles → Arteries → Vein ✓ (Correct Answer)
(c) Atria → Ventricles → Veins → Arteries
(d) Ventricles → Vein → Atria → Arteries

Explanation: Blood enters through the atria, flows into ventricles, is pumped into arteries towards organs/lungs, and returns via veins.

8. A patient with blood group O was injured in an accident and has blood loss. Which blood group can be safely transfused to him?

O இரத்த வகையைக் கொண்ட நோயாளிக்கு இரத்த இழப்பு ஏற்படும் போது எந்த வகை இரத்தத்தை செலுத்தலாம்?

(a) O group ✓ (Correct Answer)
(b) AB group
(c) A or B group
(d) All blood group

Explanation: Blood group O plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Receiving blood from A, B, or AB donors causes fatal agglutination. O individuals can ONLY receive O blood.

9. 'Heart of heart' is called ________.

'இதயத்தின் இதயம்' என அழைக்கப்படுவது எது?

(a) SA node ✓ (Correct Answer)
(b) AV node
(c) Purkinje fibres
(d) Bundle of His

Explanation: The Sinoatrial (SA) node acts as the primary pacemaker of the heart, generating spontaneous electrical action potentials that initiate each heartbeat.

10. Which one of the following shows correct composition of blood?

இரத்தத்தின் சரியான இயைபைக் குறிப்பது எது?

(a) Plasma - Blood + Lymphocyte
(b) Serum - Blood + Fibrinogen
(c) Lymph - Plasma + RBC + WBC
(d) Blood - Plasma + RBC + WBC + Platelets ✓ (Correct Answer)

Explanation: Whole blood consists of liquid plasma (55%) and formed cellular elements (45%): Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes), White Blood Cells (leukocytes), and Platelets (thrombocytes).

Part II: Fill in the Blanks (கோடிட்ட இடங்களை நிரப்புக)

1. ________ involves evaporative loss of water from aerial parts of plants.

தாவரங்களின் வான்வழிப் பகுதிகளிலிருந்து நீர் ஆவியாதல் ________ எனப்படும்.

Answer: Transpiration (நீராவிப்போக்கு (Transpiration))

2. Water enters into the root hair cell through ________ membrane.

வேர்த் தூவி செல்லுக்குள் நீர் ________ சவ்வின் வழியாக நுழைகிறது.

Answer: plasma membrane (semi-permeable) (பிளாஸ்மா சவ்வு (அரைக்கடத்து சவ்வு))

3. Part of the root that absorbs water from the soil is ________.

மண்ணிலிருந்து நீரை உறிஞ்சும் வேரின் பகுதி ________ ஆகும்.

Answer: root hair zone (zone of maturation) (வேர்த் தூவிகள் (Root hairs))

4. Normal blood pressure is ________.

மனிதனின் இயல்பான இரத்த அழுத்தம் ________ ஆகும்.

Answer: 120 / 80 mm Hg (120 / 80 மி.மீ பாதரசம் (mm Hg))

5. The normal human heartbeat rate is about ________ times per minute.

இயல்பான மனித இதயத்துடிப்பு ஒரு நிமிடத்திற்கு சுமார் ________ முறை ஆகும்.

Answer: 72 to 75 (72 முதல் 75 முறை (சுமார் 72 முறை))

Part VI: Short Answer Questions — 2 Marks (சுருக்கமான விடையளி)

Q1. What causes the opening and closing of stomata?

இலைத்துளை திறந்து மூடுவதற்குக் காரணமான நிகழ்வு எது?

Answer:

1. Stomatal movement is governed by changes in the turgor pressure of the two specialized guard cells flanking the stomatal pore.
2. Opening: In the presence of light, potassium ions and water enter guard cells, making them turgid. The thin outer walls stretch outwards, pulling the thick inner walls apart to open the stoma.
3. Closing: In the dark, water exits guard cells, causing loss of turgidity (flaccidity), and the stoma closes.

Q2. Differentiate between systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation.

சிஸ்டமிக் சுற்றோட்டம் மற்றும் நுரையீரல் சுற்றோட்டத்தை வேறுபடுத்துக.

Answer:

1. Systemic Circulation: Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is pumped through the aorta to all organs/tissues of the body, and deoxygenated blood is returned via superior/inferior vena cava to the right atrium.
2. Pulmonary Circulation: Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle is pumped via the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation, and fresh oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

Q3. What is Rh factor? Why is it important in pregnancy?

Rh காரணி என்றால் என்ன? கர்ப்ப காலத்தில் இதன் முக்கியத்துவம் யாது?

Answer:

1. Rh factor is an inherited D-antigen found on the surface of RBCs (first discovered in Rhesus macaque monkeys by Landsteiner and Wiener).
2. Pregnancy Importance: If an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive foetus, foetal Rh antigens can enter maternal circulation during delivery, sensitizing the mother to produce anti-Rh antibodies.
3. In subsequent Rh-positive pregnancies, maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy foetal red blood cells, causing fatal haemolytic disease of the newborn called Erythroblastosis foetalis.

Part VII: Long Answer Questions — 5 / 7 Marks (விரிவான விடையளி)

Q1. Describe the structure of the human heart and the pathway of double circulation.

மனித இதயத்தின் அமைப்பை விவரித்து இரட்டை சுற்றோட்டத்தின் பாதையை விளக்குக.

1. External & Internal Structure of Heart

Location: Located in the thoracic mediastinum between lungs, tilted slightly to the left, enclosed in double-walled pericardium filled with protective pericardial fluid.
Four Chambers: Two thin-walled receiving atria (right and left) and two thick-walled pumping ventricles (right and left).
Left ventricular wall is 3 times thicker than right ventricle to pump blood throughout the systemic circulation.
Valves: Tricuspid valve (between right atrium and right ventricle), Bicuspid/Mitral valve (between left atrium and left ventricle), and Semilunar valves (at base of pulmonary artery and aorta).

2. Pathway of Double Circulation

In humans, blood passes twice through the heart to complete one full circulatory cycle:
(a) Pulmonary Circuit: Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs (oxygenation) → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium.
(b) Systemic Circuit: Oxygenated blood from left ventricle → Aorta → Systemic arteries → Body tissues/capillaries → Vena cavae → Right atrium.
Advantage: Complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood maintains high metabolic efficiency.

Conclusion: Double circulation ensures rapid supply of oxygenated blood to tissues under high pressure.